Coâ€occurring Disorders and Their Impact on Addiction

Co–occurring Disorders and Their Impact on Addiction Deborah A. Young Introduction Comorbidity, is a part of the addiction that is widely overlooked by counselors and those that treat the addicted persons. Meaning that it is more than likely not treated, mainly in part due to the lack of properly trained professionals that can recognize as Capuzzi Stauffer put it, for a client to present with a single addiction, without a coexisting addiction or addictions, or coexisting psychiatric disorders would be the exception rather than the rule. Keywords: Comorbidity, Addiction, Treatment, Substance Abuse Most persons that have been diagnosed with critical mental illness issues are also substance abusers. Alcohol and drugs exacerbate the levels of the mental illness, mainly because a person uses any mind altering substance has a sensitivity to the substance of choice, most with mental illness use different substances to self medicate and/or deal with different situations and symptoms. This is not what one would want to do because it is a temporary fix at best, and it leaves the client looking for and wanting the same effects that brought them to the point of abusing the substance in the first place. Co – Occurring Disorders Persons with co – occurring disorder main interference with treatment is their feelings, meaning the types of behaviors that lead up to their addictions. In Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series No. 43 it states These symptoms may indicate either underlying co-occurring disorders that would be present regardless of substance use (i.e. Independent or primary disorders). Identifiable co- occurring disorders may be identified at the time of admission to an OTP and it is possible or the disorders to present themselves during MAT (medication assisted treatment). The MAT providers must be able to tell the difference between those with co-occurring disorders and be able to know the type and be exact with their diagnosis if not addressed in the right manner, this could cause problems and hinder the client recovery and could as well cause major setbacks in the recovery of the client. The need for a precise assessment of the disorder and a timely intervention with the right thera pies in place, both psychiatric and therapy for substance abuse, will help the professional as well as the client to give and have a more effective treatment plan. Symptoms Psychology Today says, Substance abuse is, a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances. Individuals who abuse substances may experience such harmful consequences of substance use as repeated failure to fulfill roles for which they are responsible, legal difficulties, or social and interpersonal problems. It is important to note that the chronic use of an illicit drug still constitutes a significant issue for treatment even when it does not meet the criteria for substance abuse. (Saxon Calsyn, 1995). Symptomatic relapse, hospitalizations, financial problems, social isolation, family problems, homelessness, suicide, violence, and some not always talked about schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. There are many more that can and will complicate the treatment of a co-occurring disorder, if misdiagnosed and the professionals are not aware or are un- learned in dealing with those that are not just addicted but suffering from co-occurring disorders. It is important that the professional that is going to treat this type of addict, must be familiar with the signs and symptoms of one with co – occurring disorders, treatment is much more challenging than that of the addict that does not suffer from this type of disorder. The Ritual Stage of Addiction. The ritual stage of addiction is perhaps the most dangerous part of addiction, to the health of the addict causes physical harm as well as having a great impact on their psychological well being. After all addictions are a behavior so to try to stop an addiction one faces many challenges. The ritual stage is where the user uses a process to obtain, use and react to their drug of choice. This is the point where the addict becomes fully consumed in his/her addiction and the things that are related to their abuse. Obtaining, using, and responding which turns into a habitual cycle, which becomes repetitious this is the way that the addict achieves their psychological satisfaction. Clear understanding of the ritual and the reasons why to end the rituals, and that is best done when the addict is no longer psychologically dependant on the substance and all dependence to the drug and its effects are no longer present the person can then move ahead in their quest for sobriety. Addiction is addiction, it doesnt matter what it is, sex, gambling, eating, all of these have the same common premise and that is to make the body or mind feel better, to mask whatever pain exist, or to better (so they think), deal with the problems they are facing. Which does not the source of addiction important, but the mind set of the person that is important and the reasoning behind using. Impact of Addiction in Society. Most, in fact, all that are addicted have a negative impact on society as a whole, from higher crime rates, to the families that are broken and lost. There is a high toll on those that the addict comes into contact with. The family suffers because they have to learn to live with the addict they have to basically change their lifestyles to accommodate the addict as well as the family unit suffers financially, the love is gone and the selfish ways take over and leave his family struggling to deal with the aftermath of the addicted persons behavior. The public as a whole feels the wrath of the addict through the penal system this not only causes the community pain because of the actions of the addict, some steal and violate homes to achieve what they need in order to obtain the high that they are looking for, in turn they are punished with jail, most are indigent and therefore, in order for them to be in the system the state and taxpayers must pay for their care and their time that they must stay incarcerated, and most do not receive any types of treatment which means they come back out without the proper resources and go right back to what they were doing that got them there in the first place.The work place would also have negative impact, addiction in the workplace is more common place than realiazed, nurses and doctors for instance, this is a recipie for danger and disaster, they impact the medical field negatively because after all you go to them for help. According to NBC News.com Doctors and Nurses go for years under he radar and are treating patients as they are under the influence of the very drugs they prescribe to the patients that need them (Magrath, 2010). It’s a dangerous and scary thought that the person you trust to treat you may just be addicted to drugs and or alcohol. References Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 43.) Chapter 12. Treatment of Co-Occurring Disorders. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64163/M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, McGrath, T. (Writer) (2010). Addicted Docs Put Patients in Peril [Television series episode]. In Mens Health. New York, NY: NBC. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com Saxon, A., Calsyn, D. (1995). Effects of psychiatric care for dual diagnosis patients treated in a drug dependence clinic. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. , 21(03), 303-313. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/

Factors Contributing To The Energy Balance Environmental Sciences Essay

The Earth is a physical system working a changeless symbiotic relationship with the Sun in keeping the energy balance. Ideally the planet resides in equilibrium, being that the addition of incoming energy from the Sun is equal to the loss of surpassing energy from the Earth. However, over the past 400 old ages at that place are definite fluctuations in the energy balance due to a figure of human and natural factors. The top of the ambiance represents the barrier of which most of the energy base on ballss, the composing of the Earth ‘s ambiance plays a critical function in the changing energy budget as semisynthetic pollution and green-house gas emanations alter the sum of energy entrance and go outing the Earth ‘s ambiance. Other more natural factors such as the fluctuation in the Earth ‘s orbit and fluctuations in ocean circulation besides contribute in changing energy budgets. Following this will be a comprehensive rating of how different homo and natural factors contribute to fluctuations in the energy balance of the Earth over the past 400 old ages. components2.gifFigure1 Figure1, taken from the NASA web site, represents a simplified diagram of the how incoming solar energy enters the ambiance and is dispersed on it ‘s journey to the Earth ‘s surface, accordingly how energy is reflected back to the upper ambiance. Table1: Earth ‘s additions and losingss of radiationEarth ‘s SurfaceAdditionsLosingss51 Visible from Sun 7 Conduction, Convection 96 IR from atmosphere 23 Vaporization 117 IR radiationcyberspace: 147cyberspace: 147Table1 shows the per centum of the radiation going into and off from the Earth. As shown in the tabular array the net radiation, although equal, do non add up to 100 % and this is because nursery gases trap radiation hence doing the temperature addition. tsi_vs_temp.gifFigure2 Obviously depicted in figure2 the planetary temperature shows a important addition during the early twentieth century. This addition in temperature is frequently related to a widespread happening, which poses a menace to society and the environment, known as planetary heating. Global heating is a human-induced phenomenon that affects the planet in many ways ; in relevancy to this try the chief focal point will center upon how planetary heating influences the energy balance. â€Å" Analyzing the yesteryear can potentially inform our apprehension of what the hereafter may keep, † said Michael Mann, Professor of weather forecasting, Penn State. With that said, many have researched on the addition in planetary heating following a timeline and the consequences were amazing. By the early twentieth century there has been an dismaying addition in planetary temperatures due to an addition of green house gases into the atmosphere chiefly stemming from semisynthetic pollution from auto fumess and mills to call a few wrongdoers. An unnaturally produced chemical CFC ; a end point from human activities such as transit, constructing warming and chilling, the industry of cement and other goods, when released to the ambiance thins the ozone bed leting harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun to come in the ambiance hence by and large increasing the atmospheric temperature. The nursery gasses ; methane, C dioxide, and azotic oxide, which increases in concentrati on due to the combustion of fossil fuels absorb infrared radiation ensuing once more in an addition in temperature, ergo planetary heating partly constitutes in the acute addition in the energy budget showed by the important addition ( figure2 ) in the beginning of the twentieth century. On a more natural note maculas may besides lend in the Earth ‘s changing energy budget. Recent satellite measurings of solar brightness, analyzed by Willson ( 1997 ) show an addition from the old rhythm of macula activity to the current one, bespeaking that the Earth is having more energy from the Sun. Willson predicts that if the current rate of addition of solar irradiance continues in this form until the mid twenty-first century, the surface temperatures will increase by about 0.5i‚ °C. This is little, but non a negligible fraction of the expected nursery warming. A Which in the larger image poses as a factor to the addition in the energy balance. figpredic24-1.jpg Figure3: Showing the sun topographic point activity in given old ages. Bottom diagram with a predicted increased as proposed by Wilson. The Albedo Effect is a polar component in the contemplation and soaking up of radiation, because of this land screen is one finding factor in the energy balance. Since the industrial revolution human activities have altered the nature of land screen around the Earth, chiefly through croplands, grazing lands and woods. These human constructed landforms modify the brooding belongingss of ice and snow, which makes it more likely for an addition in solar radiation to be reflected from the Earth ‘s surface, therefore a negative forcing as an addition of energy is forced out. Earthshine_2004.gifFigure4: Albedo anomalousnesss reconstructed from ISCCP orbiter informations ( black ) andA Earthshine-observed reflective power anomalousnesss ( blue ) . The right manus perpendicular graduated table shows negative radiative forcing ( eg – chilling ) ( Palle 2004 ) . Articles that focus on the overarching scientific discipline precedences of the EOS Terra mission emphasis that when flora is cleared from land surfaces ( such as in deforestation or agricultural combustion ) , the bare surface reflects more sunlight back to infinite and there is a net chilling consequence. But, there is besides a counter productive nursery gas consequence that comes from deforestation and biomass burning-the release of C dioxide, every bit good as riddance of flora that would otherwise absorb C dioxide from the ambiance during photosynthesis. While deforestation/reforestation may take topographic point on one-year to decadal clip graduated tables, the life-time of C dioxide in the ambiance is 50 to more than 100 old ages. Consequently, the solar coefficient of reflection chilling and nursery gas warming due to biomass firing take topographic point at really different clip graduated tables, taking to an initial chilling followed subsequently by a warming tendency. Some human activities may lend in positive radiative forcing for case with aircrafts. Aircrafts produce a relentless additive trail of condensation, which appears as condensation trails that signifier cirrhus clouds of which reflects solar radiation and absorb infrared radiation. Linear condensation trails from planetary aircraft operations have increased Earth ‘s cloud cover and are estimated to do a little positive radiative forcing. Variations of clime over the past 500,000 old ages have been analyzed from fluctuations in the composing of deposits at different deepnesss below the bed of the Indian Ocean. ( Pittock 1978 ) A complementary cause as suggested by Linacre and Geerts ( 2002, 2003 ) might be the fluctuation of Sun/Earth distance ( due to the Earth ‘s orbit ) impacting the Sun ‘s gravitative pull on the swirling of the Earth ‘s liquid, magnetic nucleus. The resulting alterations in the Earth ‘s magnetic attraction would change our ambiance ‘s susceptibleness to the solar air current of charged atoms from the Sun. This change of susceptibleness is necessarily another of course induced factor for the changing energy balance as this gravitative pull occurs in different timeframes. Henrik Svensmark from Danish National Space Institute, says that cosmic radiation may impact cloud formation, which, in bend, affects the Earth ‘s energy balance. Variations in cosmic radiation can be big and rapid. He has analysed in item some events with particularly rapid and big decreases in cosmic radiation, and saw that cloud formation in these events well lessenings, but with a hold of 5-6 yearss. Cosmic radiation at nowadays is remarkably high, and will likely shortly diminish. If the theory is right, this should be followed by decreased cloud formation globally. The planetary temperature should besides diminish, since clouds are considered to hold a greater retarding consequence on the Earth ‘s long moving ridge outward radiation than they have on the incoming short moving ridge radiation. ( Nohrstedt, 2006 ) Therefore making a positive forcing. Aerosol atoms influence radiative forcing straight through contemplation and soaking up of solar and infrared radiation in the ambiance. Some aerosols cause a positive forcing while others cause a negative forcing. The direct radiative forcing summed over all aerosol types is negative. Aerosols besides cause a negative radiative forcing indirectly through the alterations they cause in cloud belongingss. The most dramatic alteration in aerosol-produced coefficient of reflection comes when major volcanic eruptions eject material really high into the ambiance. Rain typically clears aerosols out of the ambiance in a hebdomad or two, but when stuff from a violent volcanic eruption is projected far above the highest cloud, these aerosols typically influence the clime for about a twelvemonth or two before falling into the troposphere and being carried to the surface by precipitation. Major volcanic eruptions can therefore do a bead in average planetary surface temperature of about half a de gree Celsius that can last for months or even old ages. This of class contributing as a natural factor in the changing energy balance as volcanic eruptions occur at different clip periods. Water vapor is the most abundant nursery gas, and is by far the most powerful absorber of infrared radiation. As a consequence it is responsible for most of the Earth ‘s natural nursery consequence. Therefore the addition of planetary heating can non be entirely blamed on human activities, as human emanations are minuscule compared to the vaporization of oceans, which take up about 70 % of the Earth ‘s surface. With an addition in planetary heating leads to an addition in the soaking up of radiation which in bend leads to an addition in the energy budget. Fig_9.2_Temperature_changes_relative_to_the_corresponding_average_for_1901-1950.jpg Figure5: Temperature alterations relative to the corresponding norm for 1901-1950 ( A °C ) from decennary to decennary from 1906 to 2005 over the Earth ‘s continents, every bit good as the full Earth, planetary land country and the planetary ocean ( Beginning: IPCC 2007 ) Therefore in decision the fluctuations in the energy balance of the Earth over the last 400 old ages have seen an addition as contributed by both natural and human factors. Different factors have different impacts on the energy balance as discussed in this essay. The negative and positive radiative forcings have to be taken into history, as properties of the different factors, both human and natural, in order to understand the root of the chemical and physical alterations that modify the radiation transportation entrance and surpassing from the Earth ‘s surface which necessarily leads to a changing energy budget over the past centuries.

Season and Scientific Aspect

Essay I started fasting in Navratri only 2 years ago and continued keeping it for both the seasons. I was more interested in the scientific aspect of fasting, i. e. during the period of season change human body is more prone to external infections than rest of the year. Also praying to â€Å"shakti†, the power or energy which is source of all the actions and is best represented by solar influences is not only part of Hinduism but every religion believes in it. So this exercise of fasting, for me, is to maintain both physical and mental balance during climate change.The rules of Navratri clearly say that, we should not consume meat, alcohol, grains and regular salt. I always take enough calories which can keep me going all day, so I don’t feel any difference from other days. There come few moments of weaknesses when I can feel that my stomach is empty and I can’t have anything to eat (because I don’t have access to kitchenL) and when I want to eat something â€Å"chatpata† and again I can’t have it(because I am not allowed to L) .Most difficult of all is 8th day when it seems impossible to go on anymore and that too in a place where everyone else can eat pizza and chili potato. The people around you also affect a lot about how you feel in these days. It’s a lot easier to keep fast when I am at home. In a nutshell, 9 days of navratri are more about self control. The human body is detoxified due to this practice. In the end when it is over I can feel significant changes, I feel good because it becomes easier to avoid unhealthy meals. Basically this exercise is effective in long term.

Sing Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer in Japanese

The New Year (shogatsu) is the biggest and most important celebration in Japan. Christmas is not even a national holiday, although December 23 is, because of the Emperors birthday. However, the Japanese love to celebrate festivals and have adopted many Western customs, including Christmas. The Japanese celebrate Christmas in a uniquely Japanese way, starting with the way they say  Merry Christmas. There are many Christmas songs translated into Japanese. Here is the Japanese version of Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer or Akahana no Tonakai. Makka na ohana no tonakai-san wa çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¨ µ ¤Ã£  ªÃ£ Å Ã© ¼ »Ã£  ®Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ'Šã‚ «Ã£â€š ¤Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯ Itsumo minna no waraimono 㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£  ®Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ® Demo sono toshi no kurisumasu no hi 㠁 §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£  ®Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥ Santa no ojisan wa iimashita ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã£ ËœÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿ Kurai yomichi wa pika pika no æšâ€"㠁„å ¤Å"é â€œÃ£  ¯Ã£  ´Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ´Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ® Omae no hana ga yaku ni tatsu no sa 㠁Šã  ¾Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ®Ã© ¼ »Ã£ Å'Ã¥ ½ ¹Ã£  «Ã§ «â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¢ Itsumo naiteta tonakai-san wa 㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¦ ³ £Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ Å¸Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ'Šã‚ «Ã£â€š ¤Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯ Koyoi koso wa to yorokobimashita ä »Å Ã¥ ® µÃ£ â€œÃ£  Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¨Ã¥â€"Å"㠁 ³Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿ Rudolph the Red-Nose Reindeer Lyrics The original version is not translated literally into Japanese and skips certain parts that are known well in the English. Rudolph, the red-nosed reindeer Had a very shiny nose. And if you ever saw it, You would even say it glows. All of the other reindeer Used to laugh and call him names. They never let poor Rudolph Join in any reindeer games. Then, one foggy Christmas Eve, Santa came to say, Rudolph, with your nose so bright, Wont you guide my sleigh tonight? Then, how the reindeer loved him! And they shouted out with glee: Rudolph, the red-nosed reindeer, Youll go down in history! Japanese Vocabulary and Lyrics Explained Line-by-Line Makka  na  ohana no  tonakai-san  wa makka (çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¨ µ ¤): bright redhana (é ¼ »): nosetonakai  (ãÆ'ˆãÆ'Šã‚ «Ã£â€š ¤): reindeer Ma (çÅ"Ÿ) is a prefix to emphasize the noun that follows, as here with makka (çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¨ µ ¤), or like in makkuro  (çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã© »â€™), black as ink, or manatsu (çÅ"Ÿå ¤ ), the middle of summer. The prefix o is added to hana,  nose, for politeness. The names of animals are sometimes written in katakana, even if they are native Japanese words. In songs or childrens books, san is often added to the names of the animals to make them more like humans or for friendliness. Itsumo  minna  no  waraimono itsumo  (㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€š): alwaysminna (㠁 ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ª): everyonewaraimono  (ç ¬â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®): an object of ridicule ~mono (~者) is a suffix to describe the nature of the person. Examples include waraimono  (ç ¬â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ¨â‚¬â€¦), the  person who is made fun of, and ninkimono (ä º ºÃ¦ °â€"者), the person who is popular. Demo  sono  toshi  no  kurisumasu  no hi toshi  (Ã¥ ¹ ´): a yearkurisumasu  (ã‚ ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹): Christmas Kurisumasu  (ã‚ ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹) is written in katakana because it is an English word. Demo (㠁 §Ã£â€šâ€š) means however or but. It is a conjunction used at the beginning of a sentence. Santa no  ojisan  wa  iimashita santa (ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿): Santa Clausiu  (è ¨â‚¬Ã£ â€ ): to say Although ojisan  (㠁Šã ËœÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œ) means uncle, it is also used when addressing a man. Kurai  yomichi  wa  pika pika  no kurai  (æšâ€"㠁„): darkyomichi  (Ã¥ ¤Å"é â€œ): night journey Pika pika (ãÆ'”ã‚ «Ã£Æ'”ã‚ «) is one of the onomatopoeic expressions. It describes giving off a bright light (hoshi  ga  pika pika  hikatte  iru  (星㠁Å'ãÆ'”ã‚ «Ã£Æ'”ã‚ «Ã¥â€¦â€°Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹), the stars are twinkling) or the glittering of a polished object (kutsu o  pika pika  ni  migaita  (é  ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£Æ'”ã‚ «Ã£Æ'”ã‚ «Ã£  «Ã§ £ ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸), I gave my shoes a good shine). Omae no  hana  ga  yaku  ni  tatsu  no  sa yaku  ni  tatsu  (Ã¥ ½ ¹Ã£  «Ã§ «â€¹Ã£  ¤): useful Omae (㠁Šå‰ ) is a  personal pronoun, and means you in an informal situation. It should not be used to your superior. Sa (㠁•) is a  sentence ending particle  which emphasizes the sentence. Itsumo  naiteta  tonakai-san  wa naku  (æ ³ £Ã£  ): to cry ~teta (~㠁 ¦Ã£ Å¸) or ~teita (~㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸) is the past progressive. ~teta is more colloquial. It is used to describe past habitual action or past states of being. To make this form, attach ~ta or ~ita to te  form of the verb, like so: itsumo  naiteta  tonakai-san (㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¦ ³ £Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ Å¸Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ'Šã‚ «Ã£â€š ¤Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œ), the reindeer that used to cry all the time. Another example, terebi o mite  ita  (ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“ã‚’è ¦â€¹Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸), means, I was watching TV. Koyoi  koso  wa  to  yorokobimashita koyoi  ( ä »Å Ã¥ ® µ): tonightyorokobu  (Ã¥â€"Å"㠁 ¶): to be pleased Koyoi (ä »Å Ã¥ ® µ) means this evening or tonight, is usually used as  literary  language. Konban (ä »Å Ã¦â„¢ ©) or konya  (ä »Å Ã¥ ¤Å") is commonly used in conversation.