Using the Spanish Conjunction Y

Although the Spanish conjunction y usually is the equivalent of the English and, it also can be used in a few ways that arent exactly the way and is in English. Keep in mind that y  changes to  e when it comes before certain words. Basically, it become e when it precedes a word that begins with the i sound, such as iglesia. Using Y To Link Similar Grammatical Units Most of the time, y is used to connect two sentences or words or phrases that are the same part of speech or fulfill the same grammatical function. Thus, for example, it can join two or more nouns as well as two or more direct objects. Grammatically, y in this usage is known as a copulative. Un perro y una vaca son los protagonistas del libro. (A dog and a cow are the books main characters. Y joins two nouns.)Tà º y yo sabemos lo que es vivir tan lejos. (You and I know what it is to live so far away. Y joins two subject pronouns, although it could can join a noun and a pronoun if they are both subjects.)Cantà ¡bamos y tocà ¡bamos mejor que nadie. (We sang and we played instruments better than anybody. Y joins two verbs.)Es el mejor regalo para à ©l y ella. (Its the best gift for him and her.) ¿Por quà © ese idiota es rico y yo no? (Why is that idiot rich and Im not?)El presidente y el vicepresidente tienen un mandato de cuatro aà ±os. (The president and vice president have a four-year term.)Vi la pelà ­cula y la encontrà © buena. (I saw the film and I found it to be good.)Me duele mucho y estoy preocupada. (Im in much pain and I am worried.) If y is used to join a series of three or more entities, a comma is not used before the final entity unless needed for clarity. This is in contrast with English, where the comma is optional or a matter of; when it is used in English, it is known as the Oxford comma. Tà º, ella y yo vamos a la playa. (You, she, and I are going to the beach.)El leà ³n, la bruja y el armario fue escrito por C.S. Lewis. (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was written by C.S. Lewis.)Venimos, comimos, y nos fuimos. (We came, we ate, and we left.)Esa idea es estereotà ­pica, incorrecta e inautà ©ntica. (That idea is stereotypical, incorrect and inauthentic.) Y in Questions To Mean ‘What About?’ In beginning questions, y can carry the idea of what about? or how about? Although the and of English can be used the same way, the Spanish usage is much more common. No puedo nadar.  ¿Y tà º? (I cant swim. How about you?)No sabà ­a que David estaba enfermo.  ¿Y Casandra? (I didnt know David was sick. What about Casandra?) ¿Y quà ©? (So what?) ¿Y si mi hijo no se toma la medicacià ³n? (What if my son doesnt take the medication?) Y as an Indication of Contrast In some contexts, y can be used to indicate a contrast in a way that the English and standing alone doesnt. In these cases it usually can be translated by and yet or and still. Estudiaba mucho y no sabà ­a nada. She studied a lot and still didnt know anything.Juan es asesino y lo amamos. Juan is a murderer, yet we still love him.Antonio y Casandra son hermanos, pero à ©l es alto y ella es baja. (Antonio and Casandra are brother and sister, but he is tall even while she is short.) Using Y To Suggest a Large Amount As with the English and, when y connects a word or phrase that is repeated, it suggests a large, indefinite amount: Corrieron y corrieron hasta llegar a casa. (The ran and they ran until they arrived at home.)Es una ciudad muerta desde hace aà ±os y aà ±os. (It has been a dead city since years and years ago.)Mi madre estudiaba y estudiaba a todas horas. (My mother studied and studied all the time.) Key Takeaways Y is most often the direct equivalent of and, being used to join two or more works, phrases, or sentences that have the same grammatical status.Y can also be used at the beginning of a question to mean what about.In some contexts, y emphasizes the contrast between two or more grammatical entities.

Positive Role Model in the Children and Young Peoples...

Homework – 24/05/11 Write about what is a positive role model in children and young peoples work force and all about you and your job role. 400 words 100 words evaluation Include your qualities skills workplace policies and procedures. Write About What Is A Positive Role Model In Children And Young Peoples Workforce And All About You And Your Job Role. Role Models And Why They Should Be Positive. One way in which children learn is by watching and copying others. â€Å"Children learn how to behave, react to others and manage their feelings from the adults around them.† (pg. 148 Riddal-Leech) It is therefore important from birth children are given the best start in life with the example of â€Å"Positive Role Models†.†¦show more content†¦(Riddall-Leech) My Role As A Role Model I would like to start with my statement in the front of my handbook. â€Å"I aim to provide a relaxed, safe environment to care for your child and facilitate learning opportunities through play and by being a positive role model.† Being a positive role model for me in my setting is about how I act, learning opportunities/resources provided, promoting safety and well being which is reflected in my policies and procedure alongside risk assessments and how I respond to their behaviour, play, ideas and achievements. As a child minder my role is very diverse. Using the NCMA quality standards as guidance I have given a brief description of some of my roles/responsibilities and how they relate to being a positive role model. |ROLE |MAKING A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION | |Managing Children’s Behaviour Appropriately. |Stay calm. Reward good behaviour. | | |Set positive house rules with clear boundaries. | |Promote Equality and Inclusion. |Treat every child is an individual encouraging them to develop | | |their own identity. Challenge negative remarks, attitudes and |Show MoreRelatedAssignment 034 Understand the Needs of Children and Young People Who Are Vulnerable and Experiencing747 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 034 Understand the Needs of Children and Young People who are Vulnerable and Experiencing Poverty and Disadvantage Assignment overview Introduction The assignment forUnit 034 asks you to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the needs of children and young people who are vulnerable and experiencing poverty and disadvantage. 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Business Environment Hnd Free Essays

Marketing is a process used to satisfy and consider what products or services are needed by the consumers. There are many alternative definitions of marketing such as the charted institution of marketing â€Å"Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably†. The American Marketing Association believe that â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organization goals†. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment Hnd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philip Kotlerinterprets that marketing is ‘satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process the common interest in all three definitions is fulfilling customer needs and providing benefits The small business enterprise that I have chosen to discuss is called ‘Hair Today ‘this is a professional hair salon that is situated in the heart of Kentish town for over 30 years. Hair today has a total of 20 employees, including hairstylists, hair washers and administration staff, including a cashier. The salon offers many services such as styling hair, men haircuts, colouring, perming. The marketing process consists of four elements Situation Analysis, Marketing Strategy, Marketing Mix Decisions and Implementation ; Control. Situation analysis is when through an analysis the company finds the customer needs but in order to do this the company must recognise its own potential and the environment in which it is managing. Situation analysis should look at all the factors of the company such as the past where the company is now and where it should be in future. This analysis provides problems there are frameworks which help the situation analysis such as SWOT and PEST analysis. SWOT analysis refers to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing a business The marketing strategy is to ensure the target market is being pursued. The strategy consists of segmentation, targeting and positioning the product within the target market. Marketing Mix Decisions at this stage detailed decisions are being made such as the development of the specific product, designing and producing the first pieces of the product and also pricing decisions Implementation and Control is the final stage of the marketing process the results of the marketing progress should be monitored when the market changes the market mix can also change to adapt to the consumer needs as time goes on a new product can even be produced although this is the last tage of the marketing process changes will always occur to satisfy different consumer needs Companies continue to exist by achieving their long-term goals. Market orientation helps to achieve the business goals and objectives a business which adopts market orientation thinks that it’s most important resource are its customers. The benefits of adopting market orientation for ‘Hair Today’ is that through market research the hair salon will have a strong understanding of the needs of the customer. Customer feedback is vital to the company companies tend to be too involved with the product that they forget about the general customer satisfaction for example hair salons have a wide variety of market reach and also a great deal of competition. The costs of adopting marketing orientation for ‘Hair Today’ would be the high costs for the market research this the constant internal change as needs of the customers are met. Macro environment are the outside uncontrollable factors that may affect a managers decisions this can have an effect on the company the PESTEL model framework is used. Political factors such as government policies and the economy also new laws on small businesses Political factors can have a huge effect on many areas for business like education and the quality of health care. The hairdressing industry is having difficulties recruiting although some government funding policy has helped it has a vacancy rate of 20% also the government increased the taxes for businesses this has had a huge effect. Economic factors influences marketing research such as interest rates also the changes in the economic growth and exchange rates. All businesses go through an economical ups and downs in an economic boom all businesses will benefit although if can go down and businesses can lose out. Currently hair treatment products are not considered a necessity more of a luxury so this market is dependent on how strong the economy is. Cheap credit and interest rates benefited the hair industry in the past. Social factor refers to behaviour patterns and lifestyles. Changes in consumer behaviour can also have an effect on changes in fashion . Currently we have an ageing population. Social change gives companies a understanding for the future market situation. Hair Today’ will have to keep up with the latest fashion and styles which may vary between ages. . Technological changes are the amount of new technology that is increasing electronic communications has made it easier to distribute information. Hair salons must keep up with the new trends and technology as this helps develop the company and make them more successfu l Employees will research the newest technologies in the market do some experiments use models try new haircuts if the experiments turn out to be a success it will apply to salon. Micro environment are factors which are internal this affects the business performance such as customers, competition, suppliers, public, employees and stakeholders. If a company decided to move to a public ownership they list their business in the stock market so the public can invest in the company although share holder relationships must be professionally managed to succeed long term goals. Identifying the stake holders Potential stakeholders at ‘Hair Today’ Your boss | Shareholders | Government | Senior executives | Alliance partners | Trades associations | Your co-workers | Suppliers | The press | Your team | Lenders | Interest groups | Customers | Analysts | The public | Prospective customers | Future recruits | The community | Your family | | | Some stake holders are more interested and involved than others to narrow down the people a power/interest grid is used. The grid shows that the people that have the high power and are more interested in my company these are the people who I will engage with and make great efforts to satisfy. Corporate culture determines how the employees and higher management interact these transactions occur over time. ‘ Hair Today’ has an employee friendly corporate culture it is shown by the company’s dress code, flexible working shifts , employee benefits such as employee discounts the treatment of the clients and overall client satisfaction. Porters five forces was first introduced by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 the five forces are a framework to help businesses determine the rivalry intensity and industry profitability of a market. The five forces consists of threat of mew entrants to a market, the power of buyer, the power of the suppliers, the threat of substitute products and the competitive rivalry between already existing companies as shown in the diagram below. Segmentation is the process where larger markets are broken down to smaller segments this will make it easier to understands the wants and needs of the customers the overall outcome would be creating a marketing mix that is suited or the customers in the target segment. The four main factors of segmentation are behavioural, demographic, psychographic and geographical. Geographical segmentation is segmented by country, city or neighbourhood. Age, family size, income, occupation, education, ethnicity and religion can all be segmented demographically. Lifestyle, interests refers psychographic segmentation. Behaviour segmentation refers to customers buying behaviour, product mix also frequency of purchase the best form of segmentation is using all four factors as they all are very helpful. Hair salons have a wide variety of customers to attract therefore segmentation is very vital for this business to succeed in the future. The two products or services that Hair today will provide a bridal service to attract female customers where they will be pampered and receive a makeover the target market for this service is female aged 20-35 with a balanced income also the other product I will be proposing hair is extensions this will attract the teenage customers and women. The marketing strategy I have chosen for Hair Today is concentrated strategy focussing mainly on only one segment this can be positive for the salon because the business will have more knowledge on the particular segment. Females aged 13-19 there are many teenagers in this area which the salon is situated this is due to the schools in the area. Hair Today believe that the target segment will benefit from the service of hair extensions as this is a growing fashion although there can be a lot of competition which leads to Threat of intense segment rivalry. New salons may decide to open up this refers to the threat of new entrance also there are many products already provided in the market that teenagers can use themselves so the salon is not needed this is known as threat of substitute product. The threat of growing bargaining power of buyers is very important because the higher the charges the more likely the customers are to move to a cheaper salon. Buyer behaviour is attitudes of the customers and how often they purchase. Buying behaviour involves the process in which a customer finds a product studies the product and makes an overall decision on whether the product meets the customer’s needs and wants. The main types of buyer behaviour are consumer and industry two types of buying behaviours are   impulses purchases refers to when a purchase is made with no plan this purchase is associated with items of lower prices. Extensive decision making these are products which are higher priced such as TV and cars when customers research as much as they can they may also ask family and friends for advice or read reviews this decision making takes up a lot of time because the customer is purchasing a product that is high priced Buyer behaviour stimulus response model Buyer behaviour is essential because it makes you understand what your customer. Market research and producing surveys will help you find the customers’ needs and requirements. Social media sites are the most popular process in business marketing this allows customers to interact online and new products can get instant feedback. Many businesses introduce discounts to maintain loyal and consistent customers. Companies determine how much customers spend the products which are being sold and judging on how often customers are spending helps introduce a pricing policy for ‘Hair Today’. Hair extensions portray varied opinions some customers keep up with new trends and may want a different look however other members of the  community might find it doesn’t fit their customer needs. Hair today will start this positioning process by advertising on the internet and offering hair treatment for all types of hair also free samples of exclusive hair products. The hair industry are forever striving to keep up their image and keep their product current a change in positioning can attract new target market. References Assael, H. , Reed, P. nd Patton, M. (1995) Marketing: Principles and Strategy Harcourt-Brace, Sydney Business study guide edexcel marketing principles pp. 479-659 Habia (standard information solutions) Skills Foresight for the Hair and Beauty Sector 2007 http://www. habia. org/uploads/Skills_Foresight_2007_v. 4_-_2. 07. 07_Final. pd Lamb, W. , Hair, J. , McDaniel, C. (1998), Marketing, (4th), South-Western College Publishing, Cincinatti. Kotler, P. , Arms trong, G. , Brown, L. , Chandler, S. A. (1998), Marketing, (4th), Prentice Hall, Sydney www. businessdictionary. com How to cite Business Environment Hnd, Papers

Project Management and Culture Innovation

Question: Discuss bout the Project Management and Culture Innovation. Answer: Introduction: A project is whole work of developing a new product or service. In order to get succeeded in a project, the project managers need to manage all the activities and the team members of the project. After the post development analysis of many projects, it has been found that the projects have exceeded that the planned time and costs that was preplanned. Behind of the success and failures of the projects, the organizational culture and project culture play a vital role. The success factors of a project are associated with the project culture, organizational culture and the culture of the team members of the project. The attitudes of the managers towards the cultural management is very important in the area of a project management. In the era of globalization, the cross cultural management has gained a high level of importance to complete international projects. In this paper, the concepts of project culture and organizational culture have been analyzed in details at the beginning. Different types of factors associated with the project culture management in general have been discussed with the help of previous literature available in this area. The importance of project culture management in the international projects and different types of challenges faced in this area have been reviewed and analyzed in this paper. What are the important components of project culture and what are the possible ways to minimize the challenges regarding the project culture management? Project Culture: Project culture is a very important and influential factor for getting success in project implementation in organizations. It is actually a part of the overall organizational culture defined by the general attitude to the project within the business. Maximum projects do not implemented in separate environments. The project development activities should be operated in a business environment in a collaborative way. The project culture has great impacts on the strategic planning, management, implementation and all other necessary activities of the project. According to Yazici and Hulya Julie, the project culture determines the way of interacting and supporting each other in a project development phase for achieving the corporate goal of the project. In this context, Larson et al. mentioned that commitment of the employees towards the achievement of the project goals are influenced by the overall culture of the organization and the project. This also has significant level of influence on the whole planning process of the project and the estimation of the required resources for the project. After concluding all the viewpoints of the researchers in this topic, it can be said that the overall management and evaluation of the projects by the project managers is highly affected by the project and organizational culture. As per Henrie et al., co-operative culture is the most wanted one for supporting each other in a project development team. The interface between the project managers and the line managers should be efficient enough for getting the desired level of success in a project development. In a co-operative culture of project development, both the line managers and the project managers are responsible for establishing a good culture for the project development and to built high level of trust among the employees. Schwalbe and Kathy mentioned another important aspect of the project culture, which are the organizational tools and principles. The project management methodology must be aligned with these. Organizational Culture: Organizational culture is one of the most responsible attributes of the working environment and the prime force for driving a business of an organization. It is associated with the method of realizing the tasks, setting the goals of business activities and guiding the people for achieving the objectives of the business of the organization. The organizational culture affects the decision making approach, thinking and feeling of the employees regarding the workplace activities. The project culture is the part of the organizational culture. Crawford and Kent mentioned that culture is rooted in the people and affects their behaviour. In the workplace of an organization, the overall organizational culture get influenced by the individual culture of the employees. The culture is formed by a set of values such as beliefs, values, norms, thinking methods, way of understanding, attitudes and tradition of the people. In the area of project management, the organizational culture influence the way of selecting people for the managing the projects, the way of thinking and setting the objectives of the project work and the methodology chosen for completing the project. According to Mir et al., the way of getting succeeded in the organizational business activities the individual culture of the employees should be respected. However, the employees need to work within a unique organizations developed in an efficient way by managing all the factors related to the peoples individual cultures. Cultural Differences in Project Teams: In most of the cases, it can be found that people with different cultural backgrounds are working in a same project. In this type of case, managing the cultural differences in the project teams is a vital job of the project managers. They are needed to clarify the cultural differences also for facilitating their understanding for enhancing the team performance of the project. Discussion of the extremes of cultures and stereotypes may be helpful for understanding these cultures. The different aspect of the cultural difference management in the project teams are described in the section given below: Power Distance: This attribute describes the degree to which the members of the organization with less power can be accept and expect that the power has been distributed unequally within the organization. The fundamental problem faced in this context is the degree of inequality of the human, which underlies the functions of each of the particular society. The attitudes and values are mostly found at the time of contrasting low-PDI countries with high-PDI countries at the national level. This is mostly found in case of international projects. Uncertainty Avoidance: This refers to the degree of cultural fact that the members are comfortable or uncomfortable in unknown, novel, surprising or unstructured situations regarding the project management settings. It is also associated with the degree to which the society tries to control the situations. Individualism and Collectivism: This factor refers to the extent to which individuals are expected to look after themselves for remaining integrated into groups. Individualism refres to the tendency of looking after only about themselves and the collectivism refers to the tendency of looking after the whole group. Generally, the project management activities are group works, where great level of support from the team members is required. In order to get the desired level of success in the project development work, the collectivism is required among the team members. Convergers and Divergers: These two attributes of culture are different in many aspects. According to (), convergers are mostly try to work in the manageable framework and with well-defined problems. They tend to find out one best solution for the workplace problems. In the area of problem solving they try to use the general ideas. The problems and objectives of the activities are non-specific, but convergers try to use the specific solutions. They are good at using the conventional methods for concluding one best solution for the workplace problems. The way of thinking of these people are more analytical and focused on the information gathering for identifying the well known factors of the problems and scope of applying a known set of techniques to solve those. They focus on some specific parts of the problem rather than thinking about the whole picture of the problem. They are able to manipulating the abstract solutions for the different types of problems. Basically they give the focus on the pattern of pro blems and try to solve the similar types of problematic situations at their workplace. On the other hand, the divergers have the ability of working on unstructured and vague problems. They try to find to best possible solution from a set of alternative solutions. They try to understand the root of the problematic situations and develop several alternative solutions for solving one specific problem. According to Hill and Gerard, the divergers are more creative and their substantiality is also better regarding the problem solving techniques. The thinking method of these people are more synthetic and use the combination of several process of problem solving method. They used to try open ended tests for solving the difficult problems. Liu et al. also mentioned the creativity of the divergers as they are able to develop and use several ways of problem solving for one problem. The divergers are associated with continuous learning as they work regarding different types of new problems in the area of the workplace problem solving. In the practical field of the project management, the employees need to face different steps of problems. The problems cannot be expected before the occurrence at the practical field. In this context, the project managers need to understand the convergers and divergers at the project development team. They need to assign the members according to the types of the problems for solving. Divergers are able to solve the difficult and unknown problems by applying their ability of critical thinking. If the problems are well defined and follow a similar pattern, then the convergers are able to solve the problems within short time period. Cultural Management of International Projects: Shields et al. have distinguished between the cultural pattern at three different levels. The levels are organizational, professional and national level. In the context of globalization, the cultural aspects expand over the national boundaries. When the project management works are associated with different organizations and people with different types of nationalities, then the cultural aspects like the PDI, individualism and collectivism affect the sustainability of the projects. The concept of the convergers and divergers also has some crucial impact over the project management at the international level. As an example of this fact, have argued that American and Europeans have different types of thinking ways. The method of thinking of the Americans can be considered as the convergers and the thinking way of the Europeans as divergers. As discussed in the earlier section of the paper, both the divergers and convergers are used in the project management. However, it is quite diffic ult to manage the project culture in the international projects. The international project management works consist of team members with different national culture. According to Anantatmula, Vittal, and Parviz Rad, the important factors of the international project culture are: cultural awareness or knowledge of the project management professionals and empirical research on the culture of the project management professionals. Jeston, John, and Johan Nelis have said regarding the outsourcing of the IT projects. The outsourcing of the these projects is highly associated relevance of culture and underlying factors that are associated with the general project management context. Training and Motivation of Multi-Cultural Project Teams: According to Baa, Amndio, and Jos Marques, one of the primary causes of misunderstanding in between the members of the project team is essentially the differences in cultural and social practices that exist between them. On the other hand, Carvalho et al. has commented that such misunderstandings tend to reach the peak, often affecting the progress of the project in consideration, when employees belonging to non western cultures are made to work with those who belong to the western society. Researcher Gido, Jack, and James seconds the ideas expressed by the authors mentioned above. In his scholarly article, the author describes a situation that he experienced in China. The author speaks: it was difficult to get participants to answer to questions in class. Although the scenario appeared to be quite strange to those belonging to the western society, the Chinese are used to with the policy of prioritizing groups way above individuals and thus do not express their interests in such activities that might highlight an individual over the others. The author has also pointed out the strategy that can be effectively utilized in such circumstances: any project activity, instead of being assigned to an individual, should be assigned to an entire group. On the other hand, researchers Hill and Gerard point out the fact that in the regions that lie Sub-Saharan Africa, the extended family is considered as one of the essential parts of the work culture. However, the researchers have also pointed out the fact that although the influence of this very concept is not much beneficial to organizations that conduct business in this region, yet all training facilities made available to the workers are developed while considering this factor. Thus, it can be said that the motivation and training facilities are available to the members of multi cultural project teams require to consider the cultural traits of the team members. Challenges in International Project Management: This section of the essay would highlight those challenges that are experienced by managers in charge of international projects. The task of developing an unified team is the first and foremost challenge that the higher management of an international project experiences. The authors are of the opinion that the most challenging issue lies in the process of making the dispersed team work together in spite of the differences in geographical locations and time domains. Besides, making the team members support each other in troubled situations (all the while working from remote locations and not pointing fingers at each other) before difficult when the team members are practically unknown to each other. On the other hand, researches () consider the maintenance of effective communication processes as one of the most commonly indentified issues associated with international projects. The researchers are of the opinion that maintaining efficient and fast communication processes in between the members of an international project becomes difficult due to the very fact that the members of the team besides being located in distant locations, also speak in different locations. Language is indeed one of the strongest barrier to the process of effective communication in between the members of a dispersed project team, but it is definitely not the single one. Along with language, the differences in the cultural practices of the team members affect the communication process to a considerable extent. Researchers Kerzner, and Harold point out that the working hours of professionals operating in the non western countries are significantly longer than that of those who work in the European nations or in the US. Thus, effective communication and collaborative work procedures are indeed affected significantly due to the differences in the working culture that exist in between the said regions. On the other hand, researchers Binder and Jean have commented that even in cases in which the above mentioned cases can be avoided, there exists one particular challenge that is near about impossible to overcome. The authors say that members of dispersed international project teams indeed experience huge differences in time domains, thus making the task of making arrangements for team meetings significantly difficult. According to Henrie, Morgan and Andres, the primary difference that lies in between members of an international and dispersed project is that of the differences in culture existing at the various locations at which they are based. The authors have also commented that in spite of being the most important factor that leads to other differences, much effort has yet not been noticed in avoiding the same. Conclusion: Project culture is one of the most important factors that affect the development and management of various types of projects. As per the analysis of many researchers it can be said that the project culture is an integrated part of the overall organizational culture of the organization. The individual culture and attitudes of the members of a project development team are the important parts of the project management activities. Different factors of the project culture are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, convergence, divergence, individualism and collectivism. The project managers should manage these cultural factors properly for fulfilling the project objectives. As per the analysis of this report, it can be concluded that the project culture management in the international project is very difficult as there exist project team members from various national cultural background. It has been also found that the culture and behavior of the project team members is highly associated with the nationality. Because of these issue, same type of project management methodology cannot be applied in a different project with national difference without checking the compatibility of the culture of the nations. This is basically associated with the convergence and divergence tendency of the project team members of different nations. In this area, he project managers have the high level of responsibility regarding the selection of the members for solving the different types of workplace problems with their ability of critical thinking. 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